Soil and Water Engineering
In 2004, the MPhil Soil and Water Engineering programme was commenced to train high-level manpower in applied research and extension in engineering for agriculture.
Aim
The programme aims to develop students’ technical knowledge and skills by giving professional and academic training in the broad areas of Soil and Water Engineering which include rural water and sanitation, soil tillage, design of irrigation and drainage systems, and soil-plant-water relations.
Objectives
• Provide training in Soil and Water Engineering to meet the demands of agriculture, industry, and rural development.
• Equip students with knowledge in rural water and sanitation, irrigation and drainage systems
• Prepare students for employment in areas related to soil and water engineering
Duration
The duration of the MPhil Soil and Water Engineering programme shall be four (4) semesters consisting of two (2) semesters of taught courses and two (2) semesters of research project and thesis.
Entry Requirement
Candidates with First Class, Second Class Upper and Second Class Lower degrees in Agriculture, Environmental and Engineering or related programmes from a recognised university may gain admission into the MPhil programme.
General Requirements
i. BSc Agricultural Engineering with a minimum of Second Class Lower Division and relevant working experience.
ii. BTech. Agricultural Engineering with a minimum of Second Class Lower Division and relevant working experience.
iii. BSc in any allied discipline with a minimum of Second Class Lower Division and relevant working experience.
iv. Candidates may be required to attend and pass a selection interview
COURSE DESCRIPTION
|
YEAR/ SEMESTER |
COURSE CODE |
COURSE TITLE |
T |
P |
C |
|
Year 1 Semester 1 |
AE 541 |
Research Methods and Instrumentation |
2 |
3 |
3 |
|
AE 571 |
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation |
2 |
2 |
3 |
|
|
AE 591 |
Engineering Hydraulics |
2 |
3 |
3 |
|
|
AE 593 |
Agro-hydrology |
2 |
3 |
3 |
|
|
AE 595 |
Soil Plant Water Relations |
2 |
3 |
3 |
|
|
AE 597 |
GIS Application for Water Resources Management |
2 |
2 |
3 |
|
|
|
Total |
14 |
12 |
18 |
|
|
Year 1 Semester 2 |
AE 560 |
Advanced Computer Applications |
2 |
2 |
3 |
|
AE 590 |
Soil Tillage |
3 |
0 |
3 |
|
|
AE 592 |
Irrigation Design |
2 |
3 |
3 |
|
|
AE 594 |
Drainage Design |
2 |
3 |
3 |
|
|
AE 596 |
Soil Conservation Engineering |
2 |
3 |
3 |
|
|
AE 598 |
Land Use Planning |
2 |
3 |
3 |
|
|
|
Total |
13 |
12 |
18 |
|
|
Year 2 Semester 1 |
SGS 601 |
Thesis |
0 |
18 |
6 |
|
Year 2 Semester 2 |
SGS 602 |
Thesis |
0 |
18 |
6 |
FIRST YEAR FIRST SEMESTER COURSES
Course Description
This course introduces students to the techniques of conducting scientific research, using modern tools and equipment in a way that reduces the level of error to the lowest possible level.
This course exposes students to research, the research process, the production of a thesis, the field of statistics and hypothesis testing, experimental design, and analysis in Agricultural Engineering. This course is also designed to explore research measurements and instrumentation.
Theory of measurements, error analysis, components of an instrumentation and control system; Method and instruments for measuring temperature, flow, pressure, force, torque, displacement and stress, moisture content in biological materials; Basic electrical characteristics of associated transducers, electronic amplifiers and records; Automatic control of elements and systems; Statistics – population, sample, frequency distribution, probability, mean, variance; Normal distributions and distribution of sample means; Tests of significance; Linear regression and correlation. Planning and designing experimental programme in Agricultural Engineering, statistical methods, their application to laboratory and field experiments. CRD RCBD, LSD, multifactor (factorial and split plot). Application of experimental design to agricultural engineering research.
Lectures are given to students in the form of PowerPoint presentations, accompanied by tutorials, with some independent study.
1. Bell, J. (2010). Doing your research project: A guide for first-time researchers in education, health and social science, (5th Edition), Open University Press, Maidenhead.
2. Bluman, A.G. (2012). Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill, New York.
3. Malmfors, B., Garnsworthy, P. and Grossman, M. (2002). Writing and Presenting Scientific Papers, University Press. Nottingham.
4. Montgomery, D.C. (2002). Design and Analysis of Experiments, 5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York.
5. Morris, A.S. (2001). Measurement and Instrumentation Principles, 3rd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
6. Northrop, R.B. (2005). Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements, Second Edition, Taylor & Francis Group, London.
7. Walliman, N. (2017). Research Methods: The Basics, 2nd Edition, Routlegde, New York.
AE 571 – Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (2, 2, 3)
The course deals with the principles of the design of rural water supply and sanitation systems.
The objective of this course is to describe the engineering design procedures for rural water supply and sanitation systems
Importance of rural water supply and sanitation, per capital consumption of water, design population; peak hourly and daily demand; wells and hand pumps hydro geologic conditions, design and construction, hand pump selection; gravity flow water supply source, sedimentation tank filtration system, pipeline network design, tap stands and soakaways; rainwater roof catchments systems – feasibility, design (mass curve analysis), construction; surface supply systems; sanitation – ventilation improved pit latrines (VIP), design principles, construction , monitoring and maintenance, health and institutional aspects of water supply and sanitation; simplified sewer design for liquid waste management.
This includes lectures, project-type, take-home assignments and tutorials.
1. Deverill, P., S. Bibby, A. Wedgwood and I. Smout (2002). Designing water supply and sanitation projects to meet demand in rural and peri-urban communities Book 1: Concept, Principles and Practice WEDC, Loughborough University, UK. ISBN Paperback 1 84380 006
2. Catholic Relief Service (2009). Guidelines for the development of small-scale rural water supply and sanitation projects in East Africa, CRS, Nairobi, Kenya
3. Greenwell, A. (2012). Rural Water Supply; A Practical Handbook on the Supply of Water & Construction of Waterworks for Small Country Districts. Hardpress Ltd, USA.
4. MacDonald, J., Davies, R. C. and J. Chilton (2005) Developing Groundwater: A Guide for Rural Water Supply. Practical Action Publishing, Suffolk.
5. Mihelcic, J. R., and Zimmerman, J. B. (2009). Environmental Engineering: Fundamentals, Sustainability, Design. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
6. Nyarko K. B. (2004). "Institutional challenges for small towns' water supply delivery in Ghana". Ed. Chaoka, T. R. et al. Water Resources of Arid and Semi Arid Regions, International Conference. London: Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 217–226.
7. Wright F. B. (1977). Rural water supply and sanitation.Krieger Pub. Co., USA.
AE 591 – Engineering Hydraulics (2, 2, 3)
Course Description
The course introduces students to the fundamentals hydraulic engineering as applied to irrigation and drainage, the physical properties of fluids, theoretical bases of hydraulics, flow in pipes, open channel flow and ground water hydraulics.
To acquaint and equip students with the latest developments in the field of hydraulics with special reference to its application in Agricultural Engineering.
Course Content
Properties of fluids; fluid static and dynamics; continuity, momentum and energy equations; dimensional analysis and dynamical similarity; pipe flow and open channel flow; uniform and unsteady flow in loose-boundary channels; computational methods in hydraulics. River stage-discharge measurements and indirect discharge estimation methods in ungauged basins. Application of flow in Agricultural Engineering (pipes, canal, pumps and irrigation).
Mode of delivery
Lectures are given to students, accompanied by tutorials and practicals with group mini project assignments and presentation.
Recommended Books
1. Esposito, A. (2003). Fluid Power with Applications. Pearsons Edu.
2. Krutz, G. (1984). Design of Agricultural Machines. John Wiley & Sons.
3. Merritt, H. E. (1991). Hydraulic Control System. John Wiley & Sons.
4. Majumdar, S. R. (2003).Oil Hydraulic System. Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Morris, H. M. (1963) Applied Hydraulics in Engineering. Ronald Press
6. Bras, R. L. (1990). Hydrology: An Introduction to Hydrological Sciences. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
AE 593 – Agro Hydrology (2, 3, 3)
Course Description
This course introduces students to the hydrological cycle and processes that affect plant growth and development.
To acquaint and equip students with the hydrological process and analysis of hydrological data required for design process especially as applied to agricultural production.
Course Content
Science of hydrology – definition and importance; hydrology as applied in Agricultural Engineering; meteorological data; precipitation, evaporation and transpiration; infiltration and percolation; groundwater; surface runoff, hydrograph analysis; hydro-logical forecasting and design criteria. Water balance and its application. Introduction to hydrological modeling and its application
Recommended Books
1. Chow, V. T., David, M. and Mays, L.W. (1988). Applied Hydrology. McGraw Hill.
2. Garg, S. K. (1987). Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering. Khanna Publ.
3. Ghanshyan, D. (2000). Hydrology and Soil Conservation Engineering. Prentice Hall.
4. Linseley, R. K. Jr., Kohler, M. A. and Paulhus, J. L. H. (1975). Applied Hydrology. McGraw Hill.
5. Mutreja, K. N. (1986). Applied Hydrology. Tata McGraw Hill.
6. Tideman, E. M. (1996). Watershed Management. Omega Scientific Publ.
AE 595 – Soil-Plant-Water Relations (2, 3, 3)
Course Description
This course introduces students to the physical properties of soils that are relevant to crop production and the basic concepts and processes of soil-water-plant relationship for crop growth.
Course Objectives
To acquaint and equip students with knowledge on soil physical properties relevant to crop production and the basic concepts and processes of soil-water-plant relationship and their interactions for crop growth. To introduce students to the basic principles of agro-meteorology and field water management methods and how to determine crop water requirements and cropping patterns
Course Content
Science of irrigation and agronomy – definitions and importance; irrigation methods; soil-plant-water-atmosphere continuum: soil as water reservoir; soil physical properties; Soil water holding characteristics; soil water potential; transport processes in soil; agro-meteorology concepts of a double transpiration - effective precipitation, temperature, wind velocity, sunshine duration, solar radiation, crop factor, plant response to water; concept of evapotranspiration, crop water requirements and cropping patterns; field water management methods, amount and frequency of irrigation; fertilization and chemigation.
Mode of delivery
Lectures are given to students, accompanied by tutorials and practicals with group mini project assignments and presentation.
Recommended Books
1. Ghanshyan, D. (2000). Hydrology and Soil Conservation Engineering. Prentice Hall.
2. Hillel, D. (1980). Fundamentals of Soil Physics. Academic Press, New York
3. Hillel, D. (1998) Environmental Soil Physics. Academic Press, New York
4. Michael, A. M. (1978) Irrigation: Theory and Practice. Vikas Publishing, New Delhi
5. Singh, G. (1991). Manual of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Oxford & IBH.
6. Slatyor, O. P. (1967). Plant Water Relationship. Academic Press.
7. Snellen, W. B. (1992). Management of Farm Irrigation Systems. Hoffman G. J., Howell, T. A. and Solomon, K. H. (editors). Monograph No. 9, American Society of Agricultural Engineers
AE 597 – GIS Application for Water Resources Management (2, 2, 3)
Course Description
This course will introduce students to the applications of geographic information systems (GIS) for the management of water resources. Students will understand the use of satellite imagery and global positioning systems applications in agriculture.
The objectives of this course are to provide a broad spectrum of theories and methodology in geographic information systems (GIS); understand how the GIS and remote sensing technologies can be used for water resources management, and provide a hands-on practice in operating the ArcGIS software.
Introduction of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and software; Spatial data structure in GIS: the nature of geographic data; georeferencing; vector and raster data analyses; Spatial data function in GIS: analysis; modelling; data quality and accuracy; Geographic databases: database concepts; creating and maintaining the database; topology analysis. Overview of the ‘Hydrology’ toolsets in ArcGIS to model the flow of water across a surface.
Mode of delivery
Lectures are given to students, accompanied by practical sessions, with some independent study.
Recommended Books
1. Law, M. and Collins, A. (2018). Getting to Know ArcGIS. Esri Press; Updated for ArcGIS Desktop 10.6 edition.
2. Longley, P.A, Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J. and Rhind, D.W. (2010). Geographic Information System and Science. 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
3. Gorr, W. L. and Kurland K. S. (2016). GIS Tutorials. Esri Press; 6th edition.
4. Ormsby, T., Napoleon, E. J., Burke, R., Groessl, C. (2010). Getting to Know ArcGIS, 2nd Edition, ESRI Press.
5. Gao, J. (2008). Digital Analysis of Remotely Sensed Imagery. McGraw-Hill Professional.
FIRST YEAR SECOND SEMESTER COURSES
AE 560 – Advanced Computer Applications (2, 2, 3)
Course Description
This course gives a working knowledge of a high-level computer language. The student will write programs to solve specific problems using logical structures, industry standardize practices and standard MATLAB language.
Course Objectives
The objectives of this course are to introduce students to the concept of MATLAB programming for engineering applications and provide a hands-on practice in operating MATLAB software.
Course Content
Introduction to MATLAB programming, Writing MATLAB scripts/function files; programming techniques, calculations, methods and conversions, loop structures, search and arrays, conditional branching, file creation and maintenance. Application will include MATLAB language used in programming Industrial applications using an integrated controller. Using basic concepts into features in the MATLAB, variables in assignment operations, manipulating vectors and matrices. Numerical techniques and plotting options using MATLAB programming.
Mode of delivery
Lectures are given to students, accompanied by practical sessions, with some independent study.
Recommended Books
1. Attaway, S. (2009). MATLAB, A Practical Approach, Elsevier.
2. Chapra, S. (2006). Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists, McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
3. Kiusalaas, J. (2005). Numerical Methods in Engineering with MATLAB, Cambridge University Press.
4. Chapman, S. J. (2007). MATLAB Programming for Engineers. Cl-Engineering; International, Student edition.
5. Karris, S. T. (2007). Numerical analysis using MATLAB and Excel, Orchard Publications.
AE 590 – Soil Tillage (3, 0, 3)
Course Description
This course introduces students to the principles and strategies of soil tillage aimed at conserving and managing soil to reduce soil degradation.
Course objectives
The course is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of tillage, the objectives of soil tillage, tillage systems, the construction and operation of tillage implements. The course also provides students with knowledge on improving tillage, traction efficiency and minimising soil compaction. The course provides an understanding of the mechanisms of tool-soil interaction which is of value in the design of the most effective elements for soil disturbance and implement penetration over a wide range of soil types and conditions.
Course content
Physical and dynamic properties of soils – water content, bulk density, consistency, etc.; theories of strength; shear force, failure of soils. Coloumb’s and Micklethwaite equations; basic cultivation and earthmoving operations; Conventional tillage, conservation tillage; Earth structure; soil/implement mechanics; force prediction in cultivation operations; implement design, selection and operation..
Recommended Books
1. Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. (2008). The Nature and Properties of Soils, 14th Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey.
2. El Titi, A. (2002). Soil Tillage in Agroecosystems, 1st Edition, Boca Raton, FL.
3. Gill, W. R. and Vandern Berg, G. E. (1968). Soil Dynamics in Tillage and Traction: Agriculture Handbook No. 316, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
4. Godwin, R. J. and O’Dogherty, M. J. (2007). Integrated soil tillage force prediction models, Journal of Terramechanics, 44: 3–14.
5. Godwin, R. J. and O’Dogherty, M. J. (2007). Spreadsheet Models for the Prediction of Soil Tillage Implement Forces, Landwards, Spring: 8–11.
6. Srivastava, A.K., Goering, C.E., Rohrbach, R.P. and Buckmaster, D.R. (2006). Engineering Principles of Agricultural Machines, 2nd Edition, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Michigan.
7. Whitlow, R. (1990). Basic Soil Mechanics, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex.
AE 592 – Irrigation Design (2, 2, 3)
Course Description
This course covers the principles of irrigation design and practice.
Course Objectives
The aim of this course is to introduce the student to design and management principles irrigation systems.
Course content
Irrigation definition and importance; concepts of irrigation; Feasibility study – data gathering and analysis; project planning; determination of system capacity – closed and open channel systems; design calculations and costs; Operation and maintenance procedures, wastewater reuse for irrigation; -design considerations.
Mode of delivery
This includes lectures, take-home project-type assignments and tutorials.
Recommended Books
1. Cuenca, R. H. (1989). Irrigation system design: an engineering approach, Prentice-Hall International, UK.
2. ARC-Institute of Agricultural Engineering (2003). Irrigation design manual. Agricultural Research Council, South Africa
3. Allen, G. A., L. S. Pereira, D. Raes and M. Smith (2006). Evapotranspiration (guidelines for computing crop water requirements) FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, FAO, Water Resources, Development and Management Service Rome, Italy
4. Keller J. and Bliesner R.D. (1990). Sprinkler and Trickle Irrigation. Chapman & Hall.
5. Ritzema, H. P. (1994). Drainage Principles and Applications. ILRI.
6. Roe, C. E. (1966) Engineering for Agricultural Drainage. McGraw Hill.
7. Walker, W. R. and Skogerboe, G. V. (1987). Surface Irrigation: Theory and Practice. Prentice Hall.
AE 594 – Drainage Design (2, 2, 3)
Course Description
This course covers the principles of drainage design and practice. Simplified sewer design and land reclamation of salt affected lands are also considered under drainage.
Course Objectives
The aim of this course is to introduce the student to the drainage design and management principles and engage him/her in typical design problems.
Course content
Land drainage and reclamation – definition and importance, sources of land drainage problems; drainage systems (surface and sub-surface systems); feasibility study, planning and determination of system capacity; ditch and pipe drains; design calculations and costs; operation and maintenance procedures; reclamation of salt affected lands; simplified sewer design, operation and maintenance.
Mode of delivery
This includes lectures, take-home project-type assignments and tutorials.
Recommended Books
1. Cuenca, R. H. (1989). Irrigation system design: an engineering approach, Prentice-Hall International, UK.
2. Ritzema, H. P. (Editor-in-Chief) (1994). Drainage principles and applications, ILRI Publication 16 Second Edition (Completely Revised), International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), P.O. Box 45,6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
3. Ritzema, H. P. (Ed.). 1994. Drainage Principles and Applications. ILRI.
4. Mays, L. W. (1996). Water Resources Handbook .McGraw Hill.
5. Roe, C. E. 1966.Engineering for Agricultural Drainage. McGraw Hill.
6. Battacharaya, A. K. and Michael, A. M. (2003). Land Drainage. Vikas Publ. Clande
AE 596 – Soil Conservation Engineering (2, 3, 3)
Course Description
This course introduces students to the concept of soil conservation engineering for the conservation and management of agricultural lands.
Course Objectives
To acquaint and equip students with the principles and strategies of soil conservation aimed at conserving and managing soil to reduce erosion.
Course Content
Definition and importance of soil conservation; processes and mechanics of soil erosion; erosion hazard assessment – erosivity and erodibility; measurement of soil erosion and prediction of soil loss – Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE); principles and strategies for erosion control – agronomic and engineering methods; design of erosion control structures; social and economic considerations.
Mode of delivery
Lectures are given to students, accompanied by mini project assignments and presentation.
Recommended Books
1. Agyare, W. A., Antwi, B. O. and Quansah, C. (2008). Soil and Water Conservation in Ghana: Practices, Research and Future Direction. In: Batiano, A., R. Tabo, B. S. Waswa, J. Okeyo, M. Fosu and S. Kabore (eds.) Synthesis of soil, water and nutrient management research in the Volta Basin. pp. 141-155. Ecomedia Ltd.
2. Blanco-Canqui, H., Blanco, H. and Lal, R. (2008).Principles of Soil Conservation and Management. Springer, USA.
3. FAO. (1985).Irrigation Water Management Training Manual, No. 2, FAO, Rome
4. Hudson N. (1995) Soil Conservation. Iowa State University Press, USA.
5. Moldenhauer, W. C., Hudson, N. W., Sheng, T. C. and Lee, S. W. (1991). Development of Conservation Farming on Hillslopes. Soil and Water Conservation Society.
6. Morgan, R. P. C. (1980). Soil Erosion and Conservation. B. T. Batsford, UK.
7. Troeh, F. R., Hobbs, J. A. and Donahue, R. L. (1991). Soil and Water Conservation. Prentice Hall Career and Technology, Engle Cliffs, New Jersey.
AE 598 – Land Use Planning and Development (2, 3, 3)
Course Description
This course introduces students to the concept of planning and sustainable land development.
To acquaint and equip students with the appropriate means of planning and developing the land for sustainable use. Also, for student to be able explain the diverse analytical approaches which can be used to carry out land use planning; to analyse land resources systems for agriculture and to develop agricultural land use plan.
Need for land use planning; topographic and hydrographic surveys; land resources inventory – soils, vegetation, water, settlements, etc; Agricultural land zoning, mapping, suitability analysis and evaluation. Geo-informatics - use of GIS and remote sensing techniques in resource mapping; social and economic considerations.
Mode of delivery
Lectures are given to students, accompanied by mini project assignments and presentation.
Recommended Books
1. Betke D., S. Klopfer, A. Kutter, B. Wehrmann. (1999). Land Use Planning Methods, Strategies and Tools. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany
2. BLM Manual. (2005). Land Use Planning Handbook. Bureau of Land Management
3. Dutta, S. K. (1987). Soil Conservation and Land Management. International Distributors, Dehradun.
4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1983). Guidelines: Land Evaluation for Rainfed Agriculture. Soils Bulletin 52, Rome, Italy: FAO. S590 .F68 no. 52 Mann
5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1984). Land evaluation for forestry. Forestry paper 48, Rome, Italy: FAO. 123 pp. SD1.F21 no. 48 Mann
6. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1985). Guidelines: land evaluation for irrigated agriculture. Soils Bulletin 55, Rome, Italy: FAO. 231 pp. S590 .F68 no. 55 Mann
7. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1991). Guidelines: land evaluation for extensive grazing. Soils Bulletin 58, Rome, Italy: FAO. 158 pp. S590. F68 no. 58 Mann
SGS 601/602 – Thesis
This involves student project and writing their final thesis for the second year of the MPhil programme. Students will take an individual project on any aspect of the Soil and Water Engineering programme.
1. EQUIREMENTS FOR GRADUATION:
The minimum time for the completion of the MPhil (Soil and Water Engineering) Programme shall be two years.
Each student is supposed to undertake a detailed research project under the supervision of a university lecturer leading to an externally and internally examinable thesis. The thesis is then defended during an oral examination.
The minimum number of credit hours required for graduation is 48 credit hours for the MPhil Programme
The pass mark for any course subject shall be 50% and the minimum Cumulative Weighted Average (CWA) for graduation shall be 55%. Note: Minimum CWA after first year that qualifies for the commencement of the thesis phase is 55%.
2. ASSESSMENT REGULATIONS:
Continuous assessment (40%)
The assessment of student will be based on:
i. Written assignment
ii. Group work
iii. Practical exercise
iv. Class tests
v. Quizzes
vi. Syndicate presentations
End of semester examination (60%)
End of semester examinations of at least two-hour duration is normally required for all courses. The end of semester examination is weighed 60% of the total marks and the continuous assessment is weighted 40%.
The examinations and the continuous assessments may take the forms of thesis, essays, seminar, workshop/laboratory practical, open book and take home examinations, oral presentation and written reports on industrial work experience. Any student who fails a course shall re-sit the paper until a pass mark of 50% or more is attained. Project and design works will be assessed through oral examination before a panel of examiners. Individual research (thesis) will also be assessed by external and internal examiners.
The assessment for MPhil thesis consists of two aspects;
i. The scientific and technological content of the thesis with core findings presented in a write-up.
ii. An oral presentation covering the main part of the thesis with emphasis on the objectives, results, discussion, and conclusions.
The above shall be graded as per the guidelines of the KNUST School of Graduate Studies